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--- reports:report_101 [2025/10/29 11:50] – [2. Features] gemdevops
+++ reports:report_101 [2025/11/13 09:18] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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 **Last Updated:**
-**Regions Where Found:** Buildings of this construction type can be found in densely populated urban areas with limited land available fordevelopment. During the last decade, tunnel form buildings have also been the choice for rebuilding earthquakeaffectedtowns and urban areas because they fulfill the requirements of easy and rapid construction, and because theiracknowledged excellent earthquake performance that makes them popular with occupants. This type of housingconstruction is commonly found in both sub-urban and urban areas.The use of 'suburban' in this text does not correspond to its commonly understood connotation in, e.g., the USA.We mean districts and areas in newly developed parts of urban areas that are located on the outskirts or peripheries ofexisting settlements.
+**Regions Where Found:** Buildings of this construction type can be found in densely populated urban areas with limited land available for development. During the last decade, tunnel form buildings have also been the choice for rebuilding earthquake affectedtowns and urban areas because they fulfill the requirements of easy and rapid construction, and because their acknowledged excellent earthquake performance that makes them popular with occupants. This type of housing construction is commonly found in both sub-urban and urban areas.The use of 'suburban' in this text does not correspond to its commonly understood connotation in, e.g., the USA.We mean districts and areas in newly developed parts of urban areas that are located on the outskirts or peripheries ofexisting settlements.
-**Summary:** This type of rapidly constructed, multi-unit residential form has been used in Turkey since thelate 1970s and early 1980s. It has demonstrated superior earthquake resistance and has alsobeen increasingly utilized as permanent housing in post-earthquake reconstruction programs.Initially, the tunnel form building was targeted for multi-unit residential construction forpublic or privately sponsored housing projects. Typically, a single building may contain 15 ormore stories and up to 40 or 50 residential units. This contribution has been motivated by ourintention to not only familiarize readers with the architectural or structural features of thebuilding type, but to also underscore its noteworthy seismic performance that stands in starkcontrast to Turkey's recent experience.
+**Summary:** This type of rapidly constructed, multi-unit residential form has been used in Turkey since the late 1970s and early 1980s. It has demonstrated superior earthquake resistance and has also been increasingly utilized as permanent housing in post-earthquake reconstruction programs.Initially, the tunnel form building was targeted for multi-unit residential construction for public or privately sponsored housing projects. Typically, a single building may contain 15 or more stories and up to 40 or 50 residential units. This contribution has been motivated by our intention to not only familiarize readers with the architectural or structural features of the building type, but to also underscore its noteworthy seismic performance that stands in stark contrast to Turkey's recent experience.
 **Length of time practiced:** Less than 25 years
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 {{gallery>:reports:report_101?rp101_features_*.jpg&200x200&lightbox&crop&4&showcaption}}
-{{gallery>
-reports:report_101:rp101_features_1.jpg | Fig. 8
-reports:report_101:rp101_features_2.jpg | Fig. 9
-&200x200&lightbox&crop&4&showcaption
-}}
 **Plan Shape:** Other
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 **Type of Structural System:** Structural Concrete: Structural Wall: Moment frame with in-situ shear walls
-**Additional comments on structural system:** The vertical load-resisting system is reinforced concrete structural walls (with frame). The walls and the slab carry allgravity loads. Gravity loads are transferred uniformly to the walls by slabs. A mat foundation is commonly used totransmit the gravity loads to the soil.The lateral load-resisting system is reinforced concrete structural walls (with frame). Structural walls provide thelateral-load resistance. The walls and the slab are cast in a single operation using specially designed half-tunnel-steelforms (upside down U shape) that maintains a certain size as shown in Figures 8 and 9. This cuts down theconstruction time significantly. The wall and the slab form a monolithic joint. The following construction sequence isimplemented. 1) The tunnel forms are first cleaned and coated with form oil. Then they are placed in their positions byusing the kicker as the guide (Figures 8 and 9). 2) The wall reinforcement is placed before the tunnel formwork ispositioned. Reinforcement steel and electric conduits are set in their places on the tunnel form (Figure 9). 3) Walls, slaband kickers are cast. The next morning the formwork is ready to be stripped and carried to the next location by a crane.In accordance with the design, steel blockouts may be installed on the formwork panels to form the plumbingopenings. Figures 10 and 11 show the elevation and plan of a typical building constructed by this technique. Figures 12to 15 show samples of the reinforcement detailing and the structural drawings taken from the blueprints of a typicalbuilding.
+**Additional comments on structural system:** The vertical load-resisting system is reinforced concrete structural walls (with frame). The walls and the slab carry all gravity loads. Gravity loads are transferred uniformly to the walls by slabs. A mat foundation is commonly used to transmit the gravity loads to the soil.The lateral load-resisting system is reinforced concrete structural walls (with frame). Structural walls provide the lateral-load resistance. The walls and the slab are cast in a single operation using specially designed half-tunnel-steelforms (upside down U shape) that maintains a certain size as shown in Figures 8 and 9. This cuts down theconstruction time significantly. The wall and the slab form a monolithic joint. The following construction sequence isimplemented. 1) The tunnel forms are first cleaned and coated with form oil. Then they are placed in their positions byusing the kicker as the guide (Figures 8 and 9). 2) The wall reinforcement is placed before the tunnel formwork ispositioned. Reinforcement steel and electric conduits are set in their places on the tunnel form (Figure 9). 3) Walls, slaband kickers are cast. The next morning the formwork is ready to be stripped and carried to the next location by a crane.In accordance with the design, steel blockouts may be installed on the formwork panels to form the plumbingopenings. Figures 10 and 11 show the elevation and plan of a typical building constructed by this technique. Figures 12to 15 show samples of the reinforcement detailing and the structural drawings taken from the blueprints of a typicalbuilding.
 **Gravity load-bearing & lateral load-resisting systems:**
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-==== 5. Earthquakes ====
+==== 5. Seismic Vulnerability ====
 {{gallery>:reports:report_101?rp101_earthquakes_*.jpg&200x200&lightbox&crop&4 | }}