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reports:report_7 [2021/02/25 21:33] – [5. Earthquakes] luisareports:report_7 [2025/11/13 09:18] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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-==== 3. Buildings Process ====+==== 3. Building Process ====
  
 {{gallery> :reports:report_7?rp7_building_process_*.jpg&120x120&lightbox&crop | }} {{gallery> :reports:report_7?rp7_building_process_*.jpg&120x120&lightbox&crop | }}
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 === Design Process === === Design Process ===
  
-**Who is involved with the design process?:** Builder+**Who is involved with the design process?** Builder
  
 **Roles of those involved in the design process:** The builder designs and builds following some specifications given by the Ministry of Housing, so a similar design can be found at different sites. **Roles of those involved in the design process:** The builder designs and builds following some specifications given by the Ministry of Housing, so a similar design can be found at different sites.
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 === Construction Process === === Construction Process ===
  
-**Who typically builds this construction type?:** Builder+**Who typically builds this construction type?** Builder
  
 **Roles of those involved in the building process:** Construction companies, hired by the State, build this type of housing or Private companies build and sell directly. **Roles of those involved in the building process:** Construction companies, hired by the State, build this type of housing or Private companies build and sell directly.
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 === Building Codes and Standards=== === Building Codes and Standards===
  
-**Is this construction type address by codes/standards?:** Yes+**Is this construction type address by codes/standards?** Yes
  
 **Applicable codes or standards:** NCh2123.Of97 Albanileria Confinada-requisitos para el diseno y calculo.The first code/standard addressing this type of construction was issued 1949; the most recent code/standard addressing this construction was issued in 1997 and modified in 2003.Until 1993, the NCh433.of72 and "Ordenanza General de Construcciones y Urbanizacion" were in force. The latter since 1949 regulated the construction of 1 or 2 story confined masonry houses, limiting the maximum spacing between tie-columns and tie-beams.In general these buildings are quite stiff, they must resist a base shear of 10-22% depending on the seismic zone and the story drift must be equal or less than 0.002.The NCh2123 code specifies the allowable shear capacity of a confined masonry wall based on the masonry shear stress and the vertical load applied on it; the size and the minimum quantity of longitudinal reinforcement and amount and spacing of stirrups that must be used in confinement elements; limits wall thickness and tie-column spacing, and requires confinement in opening, among others dispositions. Applicable national building code, material codes and seismic code/standards: NCh433.Of96, Diseno sismico de Edificios, last modification in 2011 **Applicable codes or standards:** NCh2123.Of97 Albanileria Confinada-requisitos para el diseno y calculo.The first code/standard addressing this type of construction was issued 1949; the most recent code/standard addressing this construction was issued in 1997 and modified in 2003.Until 1993, the NCh433.of72 and "Ordenanza General de Construcciones y Urbanizacion" were in force. The latter since 1949 regulated the construction of 1 or 2 story confined masonry houses, limiting the maximum spacing between tie-columns and tie-beams.In general these buildings are quite stiff, they must resist a base shear of 10-22% depending on the seismic zone and the story drift must be equal or less than 0.002.The NCh2123 code specifies the allowable shear capacity of a confined masonry wall based on the masonry shear stress and the vertical load applied on it; the size and the minimum quantity of longitudinal reinforcement and amount and spacing of stirrups that must be used in confinement elements; limits wall thickness and tie-column spacing, and requires confinement in opening, among others dispositions. Applicable national building code, material codes and seismic code/standards: NCh433.Of96, Diseno sismico de Edificios, last modification in 2011
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 === Building Permits and Development Control Rules === === Building Permits and Development Control Rules ===
  
-**Are building permits required?:** Yes+**Are building permits required?** Yes
  
-**Is this typically informal construction?:** No+**Is this typically informal construction?** No
  
-**Is this construction typically authorized as per development control rules?:** No+**Is this construction typically authorized as per development control rules?** No
  
 **Additional comments on building permits and development control rules:** **Additional comments on building permits and development control rules:**
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 **Typical problems associated with this type of construction:** Buildings made of hollow concrete block may have water ingress, due to construction problems. **Typical problems associated with this type of construction:** Buildings made of hollow concrete block may have water ingress, due to construction problems.
  
-**Who typically maintains buildings of this type?:** Owner(s)Renter(s)+**Who typically maintains buildings of this type?** Owner(s)Renter(s)
  
 **Additional comments on maintenance and building condition:** because owners belongs to low income segment of the population, maintenance is unfrequent. **Additional comments on maintenance and building condition:** because owners belongs to low income segment of the population, maintenance is unfrequent.
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 **Additional comments on ownership:**  **Additional comments on ownership:** 
  
-**Is earthquake insurance for this construction type typically available?:** Yes+**Is earthquake insurance for this construction type typically available?** Yes
  
 **What does earthquake insurance typically cover/cost:** Repair costEarthquake insurance is available as supplement of other insurance (fire, robbery) and people living in these buildings do not have money to pay for that, although mortgage payment includes this type of insurance. **What does earthquake insurance typically cover/cost:** Repair costEarthquake insurance is available as supplement of other insurance (fire, robbery) and people living in these buildings do not have money to pay for that, although mortgage payment includes this type of insurance.
  
-**Are premium discounts or higher coverages available for seismically strengthened buildings or new buildings built to incorporate seismically resistant features?:** No+**Are premium discounts or higher coverages available for seismically strengthened buildings or new buildings built to incorporate seismically resistant features?** No
  
 **Additional comments on premium discounts:**  **Additional comments on premium discounts:** 
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-==== 5. Earthquakes ====+==== 5. Seismic Vulnerability ====
  
 {{gallery> :reports:report_7?rp7_earthquakes_*.jpg&130x130&lightbox&crop | }} {{gallery> :reports:report_7?rp7_earthquakes_*.jpg&130x130&lightbox&crop | }}
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 **Additional comments on earthquake damage patterns:** Overall damage patterns observed in past earthquakes for this type of construction included in-plane shear failure, out of plane bending failure, lack of bond between masonry and concrete elements, damage in column-beam joints and damage in the connection of perpendicular walls. These type of damages occur when requirements of NCh2123.of97 are not totally considered **Additional comments on earthquake damage patterns:** Overall damage patterns observed in past earthquakes for this type of construction included in-plane shear failure, out of plane bending failure, lack of bond between masonry and concrete elements, damage in column-beam joints and damage in the connection of perpendicular walls. These type of damages occur when requirements of NCh2123.of97 are not totally considered
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 **Earthquake-resilient features in foundation:**  **Earthquake-resilient features in foundation:** 
 +
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 === Seismic Vulnerability Rating === === Seismic Vulnerability Rating ===
  
-For information about how seismic vulnerability ratings were selected see the {{ :wiki:seismic_vulnerability_rating.docx | Seismic Vulnerability Guidelines}}+For information about how seismic vulnerability ratings were selected see the {{ :wiki:seismic_vulnerability_rating.pdf | Seismic Vulnerability Guidelines}}
  
 |   ^  High vulnerabilty      ^^  Medium vulnerability      ^^  Low vulnerability      ^^ |   ^  High vulnerabilty      ^^  Medium vulnerability      ^^  Low vulnerability      ^^
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 ==== 6. Retrofit Information ==== ==== 6. Retrofit Information ====
 +
 +{{gallery> :reports:report_7?rp7_retrofit_*.jpg&160x160&lightbox&crop | }}
 +
  
 === Description of Seismic Strengthening Provisions === === Description of Seismic Strengthening Provisions ===
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 ^ Structural Deficiency ^ Seismic Strengthening ^ ^ Structural Deficiency ^ Seismic Strengthening ^
 | Partial confinement | New tie-columns are built. | | Partial confinement | New tie-columns are built. |
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 **Additional comments on seismic strengthening provisions:** Most of the damage that has occurred in confined masonry buildings was due to lack of confinement in some edge or opening, so the strengthening procedure has consisted on completing the confinement of the masonry wall with reinforced concrete tie-column. If the wall was extensively damaged a new wall has been constructed or coated with shotcrete over a wire mesh anchored to the masonry. With this procedure ductility is also improved.When only some bricks have been damaged, they have been replaced; the same occurred when cracks appeared in the mortar joints.This may cost up to 7-8% of the original cost. **Additional comments on seismic strengthening provisions:** Most of the damage that has occurred in confined masonry buildings was due to lack of confinement in some edge or opening, so the strengthening procedure has consisted on completing the confinement of the masonry wall with reinforced concrete tie-column. If the wall was extensively damaged a new wall has been constructed or coated with shotcrete over a wire mesh anchored to the masonry. With this procedure ductility is also improved.When only some bricks have been damaged, they have been replaced; the same occurred when cracks appeared in the mortar joints.This may cost up to 7-8% of the original cost.
  
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 **Additional comments section 6:**  **Additional comments section 6:** 
- 
-**Seismic deficiency in roof and floors:**  
- 
-**Earthquake resilient features in roof and floors:**  
- 
-**Seismic deficiency in foundation:**  
- 
-**Earthquake-resilient features in foundation:**  
- 
-**Seismic deficiency in frames:**  
- 
-**Earthquake-resilient features in frame:**  
- 
-**Seismic deficiency in roof and floors:**  
- 
-**Earthquake resilient features in roof and floors:**  
- 
-**Seismic deficiency in foundation:**  
- 
-**Earthquake-resilient features in foundation:**  
  
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 ^ Name ^ Title ^ Affiliation ^ Location ^ Email ^ ^ Name ^ Title ^ Affiliation ^ Location ^ Email ^
 | Sergio Alcocer | Director of Research | Circuito Escolar Cuidad Universitaria, Institute of Engineering, UNAM | Mexico DF 4510, MEXICO | salcocerm@iingen.unam.mx | | Sergio Alcocer | Director of Research | Circuito Escolar Cuidad Universitaria, Institute of Engineering, UNAM | Mexico DF 4510, MEXICO | salcocerm@iingen.unam.mx |
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reports/report_7.1614288791.txt.gz · Last modified: 2025/04/29 15:16 (external edit)
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