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reports:report_2 [2021/02/18 19:58] – [Earthquakes] luisareports:report_2 [2025/04/29 15:16] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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 === From World Housing Encyclopedia === === From World Housing Encyclopedia ===
  
- +{{ :reports:report_2:rp2_general_info_1.jpg?nolink&200*200 | }}
-{{ :reports:report_2:rp2_general_info_1.jpg?nolink&1398*935 |}}+
  
 ---- ----
  
-==== General Information ====+==== 1. General Information ====
  
 **Report:** 2 **Report:** 2
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 ---- ----
  
-==== Features ====+==== 2. Features ====
  
-{{gallery> :reports:report_2?rp2_features_*.jpg&160x160&lightbox&crop |}}+{{gallery>:reports:report_2?rp2_general_info_*.jpg&200x200&lightbox&crop&4 | }}
  
 **Plan Shape:** Rectangular, solid **Plan Shape:** Rectangular, solid
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 ---- ----
  
-==== Building Materials and Construction Process ====+==== 3. Building Materials and Construction Process ====
  
-  * __**Description of Building Materials**__+=== Description of Building Materials ===
  
-<html> +^ Structural Element ^ Building Material (s) ^ Comment (s) ^ 
-<table> +| Wall/Frame | Wall: Adobe blocks/ Reinforced concrete Frame: Reinforced concrete | Wall- Characteristic Strength: 3 Kg/sq cm - 10 Kg/sq cm Mix Proportion/Dimensions: Clay soil and thatch Joined with mud (1) resistance to compression (2) resistance to deflection Frame- Characteristic Strength: 200 kg/ cm22400 kg/ cm2 Mix Proportion/Dimensions: 1:3:3 (cement-sand-gravel) Top reinforced concrete beam as wide as the wall (3) resistance of concrete to compression (4) resistance of steel to tension Frame- Characteristic Strength:200 Kg/sq cm-2400 Kg/sq cm Mix Proportion/Dimensions: 1:3:3 (cement-sand-gravel) Top reinforced concrete beam is as wide as the wall. High resistance of concrete to compression, and of steel to tension. | 
-  <tr> +| Foundations | Concrete with stone | Characteristic Strength: 150 kg/ cm2 Mix Proportion/Dimensions: 1:3:5 & 3 (cement # sand # pebble and stone) Minimum 180 Kg/sq cm, 30% stone | 
-    <th>Structural Element</th> +| Floors |  |  | 
-    <th>Building Material(s)</th> +| Roof | Round logs with cane and mud roof |Round log d=16 cm, every 60 cm Roof maximum weight: 150 kg/ m2 | 
-    <th>Comment(s)</th> +| Other |  |  |
-  </tr> +
-  <tr> +
-    <td>Wall/Frame</td> +
-    <td>Wall: Adobe blocks/ Reinforced concrete Frame: Reinforced concrete</td> +
-    <td>Wall- Characteristic Strength: 3 Kg/sq cm - 10 Kg/sq cm Mix Proportion/Dimensions: Clay soil and thatch Joined with mud (1) resistance to compression (2) resistance to deflection Frame- Characteristic Strength: 200 kg/ cm22400 kg/ cm2 Mix Proportion/Dimensions: 1:3:3 (cement-sand-gravel) Top reinforced concrete beam as wide as the wall (3) resistance of concrete to compression (4) resistance of steel to tension Frame- Characteristic Strength:200 Kg/sq cm-2400 Kg/sq cm Mix Proportion/Dimensions: 1:3:3 (cement-sand-gravel) Top reinforced concrete beam is as wide as the wall. High resistance of concrete to compression, and of steel to tension.</td> +
-  </tr> +
-  <tr> +
-    <td>Foundations</td> +
-    <td>Concrete with stone</td> +
-    <td>Characteristic Strength: 150 kg/ cm2 Mix Proportion/Dimensions: 1:3:5 & 3 (cement # sand # pebble and stone) Minimum 180 Kg/sq cm, 30% stone</td> +
-  </tr> +
-  <tr> +
-    <td>Roof</td> +
-    <td>Round logs with cane and mud roof</td> +
-    <td>Round log d=16 cm, every 60 cm Roof maximum weight: 150 kg/ m2</td> +
-  </tr> +
-</table> +
-</html>+
  
 +----
  
-  * __**Design Process**__+=== Design Process ===
  
 **Who is involved with the design process?** Other **Who is involved with the design process?** Other
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 **Roles of those involved in the design process:** In the beginning, this type of construction was designed and built by engineers and general builders, but later the same construction began to be made by the owners. **Roles of those involved in the design process:** In the beginning, this type of construction was designed and built by engineers and general builders, but later the same construction began to be made by the owners.
  
-  * __**Construction Process**__+---- 
 + 
 +=== Construction Process ===
  
 **Who typically builds this construction type?** OwnerOther **Who typically builds this construction type?** OwnerOther
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 **Construction process and phasing:** The owner of the house usually carries out the construction. It begins with the manufacturing of adobe, the filling in of foundations and plinth construction. After that, the adobe block masonry is built, caring that the blocks are perfectly joined. Then, the frame of the top reinforcement concrete beam is made, and the iron bars are placed to fasten the round logs of the roof. The frame is filled in with concrete. The round logs are placed and fastened every 60 cm. After that a 5cm-wide coat of cane and mud is placed. This coat is later made waterproof with asphalt, finishing the process with the placement of Spanish tiles. The tools and equipment typically used are: wheelbarrows, grub hoe, and matrix for the manufacturing of adobe blocks; spatulas, shovels, hoes, baskets, saws, pliers, levels, cement mixers, etc., are used in the whole process. This type of construction is generally designed for its final constructed size, but the owner also builds additional parts, generally without any professional input. **Construction process and phasing:** The owner of the house usually carries out the construction. It begins with the manufacturing of adobe, the filling in of foundations and plinth construction. After that, the adobe block masonry is built, caring that the blocks are perfectly joined. Then, the frame of the top reinforcement concrete beam is made, and the iron bars are placed to fasten the round logs of the roof. The frame is filled in with concrete. The round logs are placed and fastened every 60 cm. After that a 5cm-wide coat of cane and mud is placed. This coat is later made waterproof with asphalt, finishing the process with the placement of Spanish tiles. The tools and equipment typically used are: wheelbarrows, grub hoe, and matrix for the manufacturing of adobe blocks; spatulas, shovels, hoes, baskets, saws, pliers, levels, cement mixers, etc., are used in the whole process. This type of construction is generally designed for its final constructed size, but the owner also builds additional parts, generally without any professional input.
 +----
  
-  * __**Building Codes and Standards**__+=== Building Codes and Standards ===
  
 **Is this construction type address by codes/standards?** Yes  **Is this construction type address by codes/standards?** Yes 
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 **Process for building code enforcement:** The construction process is controlled by the corresponding state authorities. **Process for building code enforcement:** The construction process is controlled by the corresponding state authorities.
 +----
  
- +=== Building Permits and Development Control Rules ===
-  * __**Building Permits and Development Control Rules**__+
  
 **Are building permits required?** Yes **Are building permits required?** Yes
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 **Additional comments on building permits and development control rules:** This construction is subject to regulations and the approval of plans. **Additional comments on building permits and development control rules:** This construction is subject to regulations and the approval of plans.
 +----
  
- +=== Building Maintenance and Condition ===
-  * __**Building Maintenance and Condition**__+
  
 **Who typically maintains buildings of this type?** Owner(s) **Who typically maintains buildings of this type?** Owner(s)
  
 **Additional comments on maintenance and building condition:** Usually, it is the owner who maintains the building, but given the low economic levels of the owners there is generally little or no maintenance and over time the construction deteriorates. **Additional comments on maintenance and building condition:** Usually, it is the owner who maintains the building, but given the low economic levels of the owners there is generally little or no maintenance and over time the construction deteriorates.
 +----
  
- +=== Construction Economics ===
-  * __**Construction Economics**__+
  
 **Unit construction cost:** Unit construction cost per m2 of built-up area is approximately US$ 137. **Unit construction cost:** Unit construction cost per m2 of built-up area is approximately US$ 137.
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 ---- ----
  
-==== Socio-Economic Issues ====+==== 4. Socio-Economic Issues ====
  
 **Patterns of occupancy:** In general, there is a single family in a housing unit. **Patterns of occupancy:** In general, there is a single family in a housing unit.
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 ---- ----
  
-==== Earthquakes ====+==== 5. Earthquakes ====
  
-{{gallery> :reports:report_2?rp2_features_*.jpg&160x160&lightbox&crop |}}+{{gallery>:reports:report_2?rp2_earthquakes_*.jpg&200x200&lightbox&crop&4 | }} 
 + 
 +----
  
 **Past Earthquakes in the country which affected buildings of this type:** **Past Earthquakes in the country which affected buildings of this type:**
  
-<html> +^ Year ^ Earthquake Epicenter ^ Richter Magnitude  ^ Maximum Intensity ^  
-<table> +| 1977 | Caucete 100 km to the east of San Juan Capital cit | 7.4 | IX MMI |
-  <tr> +
-    <th>Year</th> +
-    <th>Earthquake Epicenter</th> +
-    <th>Richter Magnitude</th> +
-    <th>Maximum Intensity</th> +
-  </tr> +
-  <tr> +
-    <td>1977</td> +
-    <td>Caucete 100 km to the east of San Juan Capital city</td> +
-    <td>7.4</td> +
-    <td>IX MMI</td> +
-  </tr> +
-</table> +
-</html>+
  
 +----
  
-   * __**Past Earthquakes**__+=== Past Earthquakes ===
  
 **Damage patterns observed in past earthquakes for this construction type:** In general, during the 1977 earthquake, the adobe block construction built in Caucete using the standards of 1948, suffered moderate damage (economically repairable); those built in the capital city of San Juan, under the same standards, were not damaged at all. Traditional adobe block houses, built without any kind of earthquake-resistant requirements, were seriously damaged during the same earthquake. **Damage patterns observed in past earthquakes for this construction type:** In general, during the 1977 earthquake, the adobe block construction built in Caucete using the standards of 1948, suffered moderate damage (economically repairable); those built in the capital city of San Juan, under the same standards, were not damaged at all. Traditional adobe block houses, built without any kind of earthquake-resistant requirements, were seriously damaged during the same earthquake.
  
 **Additional comments on earthquake damage patterns:** In the Capital city of San Juan, located at approximately 100 km distance from the epicenter, the intensity was between VII MMI and VIII MMI . It is important to mention that a wide area of about 1000 km2 experienced liquefaction. **Additional comments on earthquake damage patterns:** In the Capital city of San Juan, located at approximately 100 km distance from the epicenter, the intensity was between VII MMI and VIII MMI . It is important to mention that a wide area of about 1000 km2 experienced liquefaction.
 +----
  
-  * __**Structural and Architectural Features for Seismic Resistance**__+=== Structural and Architectural Features for Seismic Resistance ===
  
 The main reference publication used in developing the statements used in this table is FEMA 310 “Handbook for the Seismic Evaluation of Buildings-A Pre-standard”, Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, D.C., 1998. The main reference publication used in developing the statements used in this table is FEMA 310 “Handbook for the Seismic Evaluation of Buildings-A Pre-standard”, Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, D.C., 1998.
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 The total width of door and window openings in a wall is: For brick masonry construction in cement mortar : less than ½ of the distance between the adjacent cross walls; For adobe masonry, stone masonry and brick masonry in mud mortar: less than 1/3 of the distance between the adjacent cross walls; For precast concrete wall structures: less than 3/4 of the length of a perimeter wall. The total width of door and window openings in a wall is: For brick masonry construction in cement mortar : less than ½ of the distance between the adjacent cross walls; For adobe masonry, stone masonry and brick masonry in mud mortar: less than 1/3 of the distance between the adjacent cross walls; For precast concrete wall structures: less than 3/4 of the length of a perimeter wall.
  
-<html> +^Structural/Architectural Feature ^ Statement ^ Seismic Resistance^ 
-<table> +| Lateral load path | The structure contains a complete load path for seismic force effects from any horizontal direction that serves to transfer inertial forces from the building to the foundation. | FALSE | 
-  <tr> +| Building Configuration-Vertical | The building is regular with regards to the elevation. (Specify in 5.4.1) | TRUE | 
-    <th>Feature</th> +| Building Configuration-Horizontal | The building is regular with regards to the plan. (Specify in 5.4.2) | TRUE | 
-    <th>Statement</th> +| Roof Construction | The roof diaphragm is considered to be rigid and it is expected that the roof structure will maintain its integrity, i.e. shape and form, during an earthquake of intensity expected in this area. | FALSE | 
-    <th>Seismic Resistance</th> +| Floor Construction | The floor diaphragm(s) are considered to be rigid and it is expected that the floor structure(s) will maintain its integrity during an earthquake of intensity expected in this area. | TRUE | 
-  </tr> +| Foundation Performance | There is no evidence of excessive foundation movement (e.g. settlement) that would affect the integrity or performance of the structure in an earthquake. | TRUE | 
-  <tr> +| Wall and Frame Structures-Redundancy | The number of lines of walls or frames in each principal direction is greater than or equal to 2. | TRUE | 
-    <td>Lateral load path</td> +| Wall Proportions | Height-to-thickness ratio of the shear walls at each floor level is: Less than 25 (concrete walls); Less than 30 (reinforced masonry walls); Less than 13 (unreinforced masonry walls); | TRUE | 
-    <td>The structure contains a complete load path for seismic force effects from any horizontal direction that serves to transfer inertial forces from the building to the foundation.</td> +| Foundation-Wall Connection | Vertical load-bearing elements (columns, walls) are attached to the foundations; concrete columns and walls are doweled into the foundation. | FALSE | 
-    <td>FALSE</td> +| Wall-Roof Connections | Exterior walls are anchored for out-of-plane seismic effects at each diaphragm level with metal anchors or straps. | TRUE | 
-  </tr> +| Wall Openings |  | FALSE | 
-  <tr> +| Quality of Building Materials | Quality of building materials is considered to be adequate per the requirements of national codes and standards (an estimate). | FALSE | 
-    <td>Building ConfigurationHorizontal</td> +| Quality of Workmanship | Quality of workmanship (based on visual inspection of a few typical buildings) is considered to be good (per local construction standards). | FALSE | 
-    <td>The building is regular with regards to the elevation. Specify in 5.4.1)</td> +| Maintenance | Buildings of this type are generally well maintained and there are no visible signs of deterioration of building elements (concrete, steel, timber). | FALSE |
-    <td>TRUE</td> +
-  </tr> +
-  <tr> +
-    <td>Building Configuration-Vertical</td> +
-    <td>The building is regular with regards to the plan. (Specify +
-in 5.4.2)</td> +
-    <td>TRUE</td> +
-  </tr> +
-  <tr> +
-    <td>Roof Construction</td> +
-    <td>The roof diaphragm is considered to be rigid and it is expected that the roof structure will maintain its integrity, i.e. shape and form, during an earthquake of intensity expected in this +
-area.</td> +
-    <td>FALSE</td> +
-  </tr> +
-  <tr> +
-    <td>Floor Construction</td> +
-    <td>The floor diaphragm(s) are considered to be rigid and it +
-is expected that the floor structure(s) will maintain its integrity during an earthquake of intensity expected in this area.</td> +
-    <td>TRUE</td> +
-  </tr> +
-  <tr> +
-   <td>Foundation Performance</td> +
-   <td>There is no evidence of excessive foundation movement (e.g. settlement) that would affect the integrity or performance of the +
-structure in an earthquake.</td> +
-   <td>TRUE</td> +
-  </tr> +
-  <tr> +
-   <td>Wall and Frame StructuresRedundancy</td> +
-   <td>The number of lines of walls or frames in each principal +
-direction is greater than or equal to 2.</td> +
-   <td>TRUE</td> +
-  </tr> +
-  <tr> +
-   <td>Wall Proportions</td> +
-   <td>Height-to-thickness ratio of the shear walls at each floor +
-level is: Less than 25 (concrete walls); Less than 30 (reinforced masonry walls); Less than 13 (unreinforced masonry walls); </td> +
-   <td>TRUE</td> +
-  </tr> +
-  <tr> +
-   <td>Foundation-Wall Connection</td> +
-   <td>Vertical load-bearing elements (columns, walls) are attached to the foundations; concrete columns and walls are doweled into the foundation</td> +
-   <td>FALSE</td> +
-  </tr> +
-  <tr> +
-   <td>Wall-Roof Connections</td> +
-   <td>Exterior walls are anchored for out-of-plane seismic effects at each diaphragm level with metal anchors or straps.</td> +
-   <td>TRUE</td> +
-  </tr> +
-  <tr> +
-   <td>Wall Openings</td> +
-   <td></td> +
-   <td>FALSE</td> +
-  </tr> +
-  <tr> +
-   <td>Quality of Building Materials</td> +
-   <td>Quality of building materials is considered to be adequate per the requirements of national codes and standards (an estimate).</td> +
-   <td>FALSE</td> +
-  </tr> +
-  <tr> +
-   <td>Quality of Workmanship</td> +
-   <td>Quality of workmanship (based on visual inspection of a few typical buildings) is considered to be good (per local construction +
-standards).</td> +
-   <td>FALSE</td> +
-  </tr> +
-  <tr> +
-   <td>Maintenance</td> +
-   <td>Buildings of this type are generally well maintained and there are no visible signs of deterioration of building elements (concrete, steel, timber).</td> +
-   <td>FALSE</td> +
-  </tr> +
-</table> +
-</html>+
  
- * __**Building Irregularities**__+---- 
 + 
 +=== Building Irregularities ===
  
 **Vertical irregularities typically found in this construction type:** Other **Vertical irregularities typically found in this construction type:** Other
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 **Seismic deficiency in roof and floors:** The roof is flexible. **Seismic deficiency in roof and floors:** The roof is flexible.
  
 +----
  
-  * __**Seismic Vulnerability Rating**__+=== Seismic Vulnerability Rating ===
  
 For information about how seismic vulnerability ratings were selected see the {{ :reports:seismic_vulnerability_rating.pdf |Seismic Vulnerability Guidelines}} For information about how seismic vulnerability ratings were selected see the {{ :reports:seismic_vulnerability_rating.pdf |Seismic Vulnerability Guidelines}}
  
-<html> +|   ^  High vulnerabilty      ^^  Medium vulnerability      ^^  Low vulnerability      ^^ 
-<table> +|   | A                   | B  | C                      | D  | E                   | F  | 
-  <tr> +| Seismic vulnerability class   | %%|-%% | o | %%-|%% |   |  |  | 
-    <th></th> + 
-    <th colspan="2">High vulnerability</th> +---- 
-    <th colspan="2">Medium vulnerability</th> + 
-    <th colspan="2">Low vulnerability</th> +==== 6. Retrofit Information ==== 
-  </tr> + 
-  <tr> +**Description of Seismic Strengthening Provisions** 
-    <td></td> + 
-    <td>A</td> +^ Structural Deficiency ^ Seismic Strengthening ^ 
-    <td>B</td> +| Additional comments on seismic strengthening provisions | This type of construction has emerged as a proposal to strengthen the traditional adobe block construction which had an unsatisfactory performance during the 1944 earthquake. This construction has been built in San Juan under the Adobe Construction Regulations of 1948, however it is only allowed in rural areas. During the 1977 Caucete earthquake, this construction has a satisfactory performance so no seismic strengthening has been done since that time. It should be noted that some traditional adobe construction (not following the 1948 Regulations) is still being practiced in rural areas. | 
-    <td>C</td> + 
-    <td>D</td> +---- 
-    <td>E</td> + 
-    <td>F</td> +==== 7. References ==== 
-  </tr> + 
-  <tr> +  * Adobe Construction Regulations 
-    <td>Seismic vulnerability class</td> + 
-    <td>|-</td> +  * The 1951 Building Code of the Province of San Juan 
-    <td></td> + 
-    <td>-|</td> +  * Adobe Block Housing in Dry Areas Hugo Giuliani and Jose Herrera Cano 
-    <td></td> + 
-    <td></td> +  * 1991 National Survey on Population and Housing (INDEC) N18 
-    <td></td> + 
-  </tr> +  * Inter-relations Between Architectural Design and Structural Design in High Seismic Risk Areas : Building Level - San Juan San Juan, Argentina 1989 
-</table> + 
-</html>+=== Authors === 
 + 
 +^ Name ^ Title ^ Affiliation ^ Location ^  
 +| Virginia I Rodriguez | Architect | Professor-Researcher | B# UDAP III M.EMblock 1 Piso 1# 5425 San Juan-Argentina | 
 +| Maria I Yacante | Architect | Researcher | Av. Libertador 1068 (s) 5400 San Juan-Argentina | 
 +| Sergio Reiloba | Architect | Researcher | 5400 San Juan - Argentina | 
 + 
 +=== Reviewers === 
 + 
 +^ Name ^ Title ^ Affiliation ^ Location ^  
 +| Sergio Alcocer | Director of Research | Circuito Escolar Cuidad Universitaria, Institute of Engineering, UNAM | Mexico DF 4510, MEXICO |
  
reports/report_2.1613678315.txt.gz · Last modified: 2025/04/29 15:16 (external edit)
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