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reports:report_5 [2021/02/22 20:21] – [4. Socio-Economic Issues] luisareports:report_5 [2025/04/29 15:16] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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 === From World Housing Encyclopedia === === From World Housing Encyclopedia ===
  
-{{ :reports:report_5:rp5_general_info_1.jpg?nolink&1398*935 |}}+{{ :reports:report_5:rp5_general_info_1.jpg?nolink&200*200 | }}
  
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 **Additional comments section 2:** Typical separation distance between buildings: 5 meters; Buildings of this type are located close together, conforming what is called "conjuntos", "poblaciones" or "villas". They represent several buildings of the same type with some space left for garden or communities activities that most of the time nobody cares about them, ending filled with garbage or at the most as an earth soccer field. In an average, corresponding unit housing area is 40 - 50 m2. **Additional comments section 2:** Typical separation distance between buildings: 5 meters; Buildings of this type are located close together, conforming what is called "conjuntos", "poblaciones" or "villas". They represent several buildings of the same type with some space left for garden or communities activities that most of the time nobody cares about them, ending filled with garbage or at the most as an earth soccer field. In an average, corresponding unit housing area is 40 - 50 m2.
  
-{{gallery> :reports:report_5?rp5_features_*.jpg&160x160&lightbox&crop |}}+{{gallery> :reports:report_5?rp5_features_*.jpg&160x160&lightbox&crop | }}
  
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-==== 3. Buildings Process ====+==== 3. Building Process ====
  
-{{gallery> :reports:report_5?rp5_building_process_*.jpg&180x180&lightbox&crop&3 |}}+{{gallery> :reports:report_5?rp5_building_process_*.jpg&180x180&lightbox&crop&4 | }}
  
 === Description of Building Materials=== === Description of Building Materials===
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 **Who typically builds this construction type?:** Contractor **Who typically builds this construction type?:** Contractor
  
-**Roles of those involved in the building process** In the past, construction companies hired by the state build it. Nowadays, private companies built and sell directly under the supervision of governmental staff.+**Roles of those involved in the building process:** In the past, construction companies hired by the state build it. Nowadays, private companies built and sell directly under the supervision of governmental staff.
  
-**Expertise of those involved in building process** The expertise is the same stated in 3.2.3 +**Expertise of those involved in building process:** The expertise is the same stated in 3.2.3
  
-**Construction process and phasing** One contractor builds large quantities of this type of building, so project management and control techniques are used in order to increase productivity and to diminish cost. When constructing the vertical reinforcing bars are usually first placed into position before laying the masonry units. Then, the horizontal bars can be placed in horizontal mortar joints. Finally, vertical reinforcement is grouted as the work progresses. With respect to equipment the following is commonly used: concrete mix, trucks, travelling crane, winch, pneumatic cramp.This building is not typically constructed incrementally and is designed for its final constructed size.+**Construction process and phasing:** One contractor builds large quantities of this type of building, so project management and control techniques are used in order to increase productivity and to diminish cost. When constructing the vertical reinforcing bars are usually first placed into position before laying the masonry units. Then, the horizontal bars can be placed in horizontal mortar joints. Finally, vertical reinforcement is grouted as the work progresses. With respect to equipment the following is commonly used: concrete mix, trucks, travelling crane, winch, pneumatic cramp.This building is not typically constructed incrementally and is designed for its final constructed size.
  
-**Construction issues** Partial grouting in vertical reinforcement. Bending of reinforcement bars Bad reinforcement detailing at the corners or intersection of walls.Insufficient concrete covers for horizontal reinforcement.+**Construction issues:** Partial grouting in vertical reinforcement. Bending of reinforcement bars Bad reinforcement detailing at the corners or intersection of walls.Insufficient concrete covers for horizontal reinforcement.
  
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 **Is this construction type address by codes/standards?** Yes **Is this construction type address by codes/standards?** Yes
  
-**Applicable codes or standards** NCh1928.Of93 Albanileria Armada-Requisitos para el diseno y calculoThe first code/standard addressing this type of construction was issued in 1986, although provisionally dispositions to design this type of buildings existed since 1981. The most recent code/standard addressing this construction was issued in 1993, however at present time it is in a revision process. Applicable national building code, material codes and seismic code/standards: NCh433.Of96 Seismic Design of BuildingsNCh1928.Of93 Albanileria Armada-Requisitos para el diseno y calculoThe first code/standard addressing this type of construction was issued in 1986, although provisionally dispositions to design this type of buildings existed since 1981. The most recent code/standard addressing this construction was issued in 1993, and modified in 2003. Applicable national building code, material codes and seismic code/standards: NCh433.Of96 Seismic Design of Buildings, last modification in 2011+**Applicable codes or standards:** NCh1928.Of93 Albanileria Armada-Requisitos para el diseno y calculoThe first code/standard addressing this type of construction was issued in 1986, although provisionally dispositions to design this type of buildings existed since 1981. The most recent code/standard addressing this construction was issued in 1993, however at present time it is in a revision process. Applicable national building code, material codes and seismic code/standards: NCh433.Of96 Seismic Design of BuildingsNCh1928.Of93 Albanileria Armada-Requisitos para el diseno y calculoThe first code/standard addressing this type of construction was issued in 1986, although provisionally dispositions to design this type of buildings existed since 1981. The most recent code/standard addressing this construction was issued in 1993, and modified in 2003. Applicable national building code, material codes and seismic code/standards: NCh433.Of96 Seismic Design of Buildings, last modification in 2011
  
-**Process for building code enforcement** The building design must follow the NCh433.of96 code (modified in 2011) and NCh1928.of93 (modified in 2003). SERVIU a governmental office in charge of social dwellings has a professional staff to review the projects and to inspect during construction. In case of damage an arbitrage process may take place at the court of justice.+**Process for building code enforcement:** The building design must follow the NCh433.of96 code (modified in 2011) and NCh1928.of93 (modified in 2003). SERVIU a governmental office in charge of social dwellings has a professional staff to review the projects and to inspect during construction. In case of damage an arbitrage process may take place at the court of justice.
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 **Is this construction typically authorized as per development control rules?** No **Is this construction typically authorized as per development control rules?** No
  
-**Additional comments on building permits and development control rules **+**Additional comments on building permits and development control rules:**
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 === Building Maintenance and Condition === === Building Maintenance and Condition ===
  
-**Typical problems associated with this type of construction** Concrete blocks buildings have had water ingress.+**Typical problems associated with this type of construction:** Concrete blocks buildings have had water ingress.
  
 **Who typically maintains buildings of this type?** Owner(s)Renter(s) **Who typically maintains buildings of this type?** Owner(s)Renter(s)
  
-**Additional comments on maintenance and building condition** Maintenance is quite low, because inhabitants are low income people+**Additional comments on maintenance and building condition:** Maintenance is quite low, because inhabitants are low income people
  
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 === Construction Economics === === Construction Economics ===
  
-**Unit construction cost** According to Bravo and Martinez (1993) the total cost of this type of building can be blotted out in site 15%, construction cost 40%, urbanization 17%, operating cost 13% and profit 15%.In 2001, the cost of one unit was 200 to 400 UF (area 45 m2), $78.000 to $140.000 /m2 (US$135-US$245/m2).Better quality unit may cost up to $174.000 /m2 (US$300/m2).+**Unit construction cost:** According to Bravo and Martinez (1993) the total cost of this type of building can be blotted out in site 15%, construction cost 40%, urbanization 17%, operating cost 13% and profit 15%.In 2001, the cost of one unit was 200 to 400 UF (area 45 m2), $78.000 to $140.000 /m2 (US$135-US$245/m2).Better quality unit may cost up to $174.000 /m2 (US$300/m2).
  
-**Labor requirements** At present, depending on technology used, the construction of several units built simultaneously may take 2-3 stories per month .+**Labor requirements:** At present, depending on technology used, the construction of several units built simultaneously may take 2-3 stories per month .
  
-**Additional comments section 3**+**Additional comments section 3:**
  
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 ==== 4. Socio-Economic Issues ==== ==== 4. Socio-Economic Issues ====
- 
-{{gallery> :reports:report_5?rp5_earthquakes_*.jpg&180x180&lightbox&crop&3 |}} 
  
 **Patterns of occupancy:** Typically one family occupies one housing unit. However, poor families may shelter 1 or 2 families more called "allegados". **Patterns of occupancy:** Typically one family occupies one housing unit. However, poor families may shelter 1 or 2 families more called "allegados".
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 ==== 5. Earthquakes ==== ==== 5. Earthquakes ====
  
 +{{gallery>:reports:report_5?rp5_earthquakes_*.jpg&180x180&lightbox&crop&4 | }}
  
 === Past Earthquakes in the country which affected buildings of this type=== === Past Earthquakes in the country which affected buildings of this type===
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 **Additional comments on earthquake damage patterns:** Up to 1986 there was not any seismic design code for this structural type, so its behavior during March 3, 1985 earthquake was quite bad, mainly due to construction problems, partial grouting in the hollow with reinforcement, bad quality of the mortar and lack of horizontal reinforcement. The same had occurred in the later earthquakes, when requirements according to NCh1928.of1993 have not been accomplished to the full. **Additional comments on earthquake damage patterns:** Up to 1986 there was not any seismic design code for this structural type, so its behavior during March 3, 1985 earthquake was quite bad, mainly due to construction problems, partial grouting in the hollow with reinforcement, bad quality of the mortar and lack of horizontal reinforcement. The same had occurred in the later earthquakes, when requirements according to NCh1928.of1993 have not been accomplished to the full.
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 **Earthquake-resilient features in foundation:**  **Earthquake-resilient features in foundation:** 
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 === Seismic Vulnerability Rating === === Seismic Vulnerability Rating ===
  
-For information about how seismic vulnerability ratings were selected see the {{ :wiki:seismic_vulnerability_rating.docx | Seismic Vulnerability Guidelines}}+For information about how seismic vulnerability ratings were selected see the {{ :wiki:seismic_vulnerability_rating.pdf | Seismic Vulnerability Guidelines}}
  
 |   ^  High vulnerabilty      ^^  Medium vulnerability      ^^  Low vulnerability      ^^ |   ^  High vulnerabilty      ^^  Medium vulnerability      ^^  Low vulnerability      ^^
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 ==== 6. Retrofit Information ==== ==== 6. Retrofit Information ====
 +
 +{{gallery> :reports:report_5?rp5_retrofit_*.jpg&160x160&lightbox&crop&3 | }}
  
 === Description of Seismic Strengthening Provisions === === Description of Seismic Strengthening Provisions ===
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 === Reviewers === === Reviewers ===
  
-^ Name ^ Title ^ Affiliation ^ Location ^ +^ Name ^ Title ^ Affiliation ^ Location ^ Email ^
 | Sergio Alcocer | Director of Research | Circuito Escolar Cuidad Universitaria, Institute of Engineering, UNAM | Mexico DF 4510, MEXICO | salcocerm@iingen.unam.mx | | Sergio Alcocer | Director of Research | Circuito Escolar Cuidad Universitaria, Institute of Engineering, UNAM | Mexico DF 4510, MEXICO | salcocerm@iingen.unam.mx |
reports/report_5.1614025282.txt.gz · Last modified: 2025/04/29 15:16 (external edit)
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