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--- start [2021/04/13 10:59] – [Housing Reports] luisa
+++ start [2025/04/30 08:58] (current) – [World Housing Encyclopedia ciao] gemdevops
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 ==== How does construction vary around the world ====
-The World Housing Encyclopedia (WHE) is a collection of resources related to housing construction practices in the seismically active areas of the world. The mission is to share experiences with different construction types and encourage the use of earthquake-resistant technologies worldwide.\\
+The [[https://www.world-housing.net|World Housing Encyclopedia (WHE)]] is an online repository of resources related to housing construction practices in seismically active areas worldwide. It includes housing reports, tutorials, and other publications. The mission is to share experiences with different construction practices and building typologies and encourage the use of earthquake-resistant housing construction worldwide.
-The main types od construction around the world are summarised below. To view profiles of housing types, explore our Housing Reports database, with over 100 housing profiles from more than 40 countries, all written by architects or engineers. Consult our Tutorials section for step-by-step guides for building earthquake-resistant dwellings.
+The WHE has developed and published around 150 housing reports, covering common residential construction typologies from around 50 countries. Each housing report is a detailed description of a housing type in a particular country. The description is prepared from a number of standard closed-ended questions and includes a narrative provided by the report authors. Each report has ten major categories, including general information, architectural features, socio-economic issues, structural features, evaluation of seismic features, past earthquake damage, building materials, construction economics, insurance, and seismic strengthening. A list of relevant references used in the text is also provided at the end of each report.
-All of the content on this site has been contributed by volunteers. If you are interested in writing a housing report, tutorial, or have any other ideas for content, please write to us.
+The WHE was founded in 2000 by the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI) and the International Association of Earthquake Engineering (IAEE). The WHE housing reports were originally developed and reviewed by volunteers, engineers and architects from around the world. The report review and editing process has been managed by the WHE leadership, and hosted on the EERI website. The current version of the reports, presented in the Wiki form, is a joint initiative of WHE and Global Earthquake Model (GEM).
-{{ :start:gif:start.gif?nolink&400 |}}
+These housing reports can be used for educational and non-commercial purposes only, but WHE needs to be acknowledged as the source of the material. Also, should you consider using any part of this material in any publication of your own, you must get written permission from EERI. All of the content on this site has been contributed by volunteers. If you are interested in writing a housing report, tutorial, or have any other ideas for content, please reach out to us at [[mailto:whe@eeri.org|whe@eeri.org]].
-----
-==== Major Construction Types ====
-An introduction to the broad categories of housing construction types found throughout the world.
+----
-A number of construction materials and technologies have been and are being adopted worldwide to build
-houses. They include the following. A more detailed description of each, written by WHE experts from around the
-world, is available in the main menu:
-[[Adobe|Adobe]]: This type of housing is typically built by owners and local builders from raw/processed earth. Such housing often performs poorly in earthquakes.
-{{ :start:images:adobe:adobe_1.jpg?nolink&150 | }}
-[[Timber|Timber]]: There are many forms of wood housing: bamboo frame; plank, beam & post system; and engineered
-timber houses. Understandably, their quality varies depending on the level of technical inputs used.
-{{ :start:images:timber:timber_1.jpg?nolink&150 | }}
-[[Stone|Stone]]: This is a very widely used housing form worldwide. The main materials used in the walls are blocks of natural stone material available, like granite, laterite, sandstone, and slate. There are stone masonry houses with and without mortars; when mortars are used, they are either mud-based or cement-based. A variety of roofing
-systems are adopted including tiled roof supported on wood trusses, asbestos or steel sheets on steel trusses, and
-reinforced concrete slab.
-{{ :start:images:stone:stone_1.jpg?nolink&150 | }}
-[[Brick|Brick]]: This is another common construction type. Clay mud is used to form regular-sized masonry units. These units are sometimes burnt in a kiln, and simply sun-dried. This is also a very widely used housing form worldwide. Brick masonry houses are made with and without mortars; when mortars are used, they are either mud-based or cement-based. These units are the main materials used in the walls. Again, a variety of roofing systems are
-adopted including tiled roof supported on wood trusses, asbestos or steel sheets on steel trusses, and reinforced
-concrete slab.
-{{gallery>:start:images:mansory?mansory_*.jpg&250x250&crop&lightbox|}}
-[[Confined Masonry|Confined Masonry]]: This type of housing has been practiced in many vernacular forms worldwide, particularly along the Alpine-Himalayan belt. These are load bearing masonry houses improved with the help of wood or concrete frame members introduced in the walls to reduce the masonry walls into smaller panels that are more
-capable of withstanding earthquake shaking. The masonry could be made with either stone or brick. This system is
-far superior to the traditional load-bearing masonry houses. A variety of roofing systems are employed with the
-confined masonry wall system, depending on the geographic region of construction.
-{{ :start:images:bricks:bricks_1.jpg?nolink&150 |}}\\
-[[Reinforced Concrete Frame|Reinforced Concrete Frame]]: This type of housing is becoming increasing popular across the world, particularly for urban construction. It employs beams (i.e., long horizontal members), columns (i.e., slender vertical members) and slabs (i.e., plate-like flat members) to form the basic backbone for carrying the loads. Vertical walls made of masonry or other materials are used to fill in between the beam-column grids to make functional spaces. These houses are expected to be constructed based on engineering calculations. However, in a large part of the developing world, such buildings are being built with little or no engineering calculations.
-{{ :start:images:rcframe:rcframe_1.jpg?nolink&150 |}}
-[[Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall|Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall]]: This type of housing is same as the reinforced concrete frame building but provided with a select number of additional thin vertical plate-like reinforced concrete elements called structural walls, positioned in specific bays in the plan of the building. This type of construction requires a high level of engineering input like the reinforced concrete frame buildings. This type of building with structural walls shows superior seismic performance during earthquakes in comparison to that of reinforced concrete frame buildings without shear walls.
-{{ :start:images:rcwall:rcwall_1.jpg?nolink&150 |}}
-[[Precast Concrete|Precast Concrete]]: The building is built of individual high-quality factory-made components connected at site. Two styles of construction are adopted, namely (a) the components are of the RC frame building alone, i.e., beams, columns, structural walls, and slabs; and (b) the components consist of large-panel prefabricates of walls and slabs only, and not of beams and columns. This type of house construction is in limited use in urban areas or mass housing projects.
-{{ :start:images:precast:precast_1.jpg?nolink&150 |}}
-[[Advanced Technologies|Advanced Technologies]]: Some wood houses and reinforced concrete frame houses have been built recently using base-isolation technology. Here, the building is rested on flexible bearing pad-like devices, which absorb part of the earthquake energy transmitted from the ground to the building, thereby reducing the damage in the building. This type of construction is very expensive, but such houses perform very well during the earthquakes.
-{{ :start:images:advanced:advanced_1.jpg?nolink&150 |}}
-[[Vernacular|Vernacular]]: Many housing types found today in different pockets of the world are those based on technology handed over from one generation to the next by word of mouth. What is impressive is that these construction schemes often have characteristics that address the prevalent local conditions of temperature and other natural effects (like earthquake shaking). There is much to learn from these housing practices.
-{{ :start:images:vernacular:vernacular_1.jpg?nolink&150 |}}
-The choice of a particular type of housing is dependent on locally available materials, skills and levels of
-technology. Current global trends indicate that the newer construction of world housing is being dominated
-primarily by two types of construction, masonry houses and reinforced concrete buildings. Increased use of RC
-buildings is due in part to the real estate boom in urban areas that is part of global urbanization, and to the
-perception in rural areas that this a better form of construction because it is being practiced in urban areas..
-**Important:** You can download these brief housing reviews and use them for educational and non-commercial
-purposes only; but, please acknowledge WHE as the source of the material. Also, should you consider using any
-part of this material in any publication of your own, you are required to obtain written permission from WHE.
-----
 ==== Housing Reports ===
+<datatables>
-| ^ Abobe   ^ Seismic Protection Systems ^ Hybrid ^ Masonry ^ News ^ Others ^ Reinforced Concrete ^ Steel ^ Timber ^ Uncategorized ^ Vernacular ^
+| ^ [[Adobe|Adobe]]   ^ Seismic Protection Systems ^ Hybrid ^ Masonry ^ News ^ Others ^ [[Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall|Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall]] ^ Steel ^ [[Timber|Timber]] ^ Uncategorized ^ [[Vernacular|Vernacular]] ^
 | **Algeria** |  |  |  | (SM) [[ reports:report_75|Farsi et al., 2011 ]] |  |  | (RCF) [[ reports:report_103|Farsi e Lazzali, 2011 ]] |  |  |  |  |
 | **Argentina** | [[ reports:report_89|Rodriguez et al., 2011 ]] \\ [[ reports:report_2|Rodriguez, 2011 ]] | [[ reports:report_152|Maldonado e Tornello, 2011 ]] |  | (CM) [[ reports:report_70|Rodriguez et al., 2011 ]] \\ (CM) [[ reports:report_1|Rodriguez et al., 2011 ]] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
@@ Line 124: / Line 60: @@
 | **USA** |  |  |  |  |  |  | (RCF) [[ reports:report_111|Faison et al., 2011 ]] |  | [[ reports:report_65|Arnold, 2011 ]] |  |  |
 | **Uzbekistan** |  |  |  |  |  |  | (PC) [[ reports:report_66|Khakimov e Nurtaev, 2011 ]] |  |  |  |  |
 | **Venezuela** |  |  |  |  |  |  | (RCF) [[ reports:report_67|Gandica e Almansa, 2011 ]] |  |  |  |  |
+</datatables>
 PC -Precast Concrete; RCF - RC Moment Frame; RCW - RC Structural Wall; CM - Confined Masonry; RM - Reinforced Masonry; SM - Stone Masonry; SW - Steel Structural Wall; SMF - Steel Moment Frame; SBF - Steel Braced Frame