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World Housing Encyclopedia

How does construction vary around the world

The World Housing Encyclopedia (WHE) is an online repository of resources related to housing construction practices in seismically active areas worldwide. It includes housing reports, tutorials, and other publications. The mission is to share experiences with different construction practices and building typologies and encourage the use of earthquake-resistant housing construction worldwide.

The WHE has developed and published around 150 housing reports, covering common residential construction typologies from around 50 countries. Each housing report is a detailed description of a housing type in a particular country. The description is prepared from a number of standard closed-ended questions and includes a narrative provided by the report authors. Each report has ten major categories, including general information, architectural features, socio-economic issues, structural features, evaluation of seismic features, past earthquake damage, building materials, construction economics, insurance, and seismic strengthening. A list of relevant references used in the text is also provided at the end of each report.

The WHE was founded in 2000 by the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI) and the International Association of Earthquake Engineering (IAEE). The WHE housing reports were originally developed and reviewed by volunteers, engineers and architects from around the world. The report review and editing process has been managed by the WHE leadership, and hosted on the EERI website. The current version of the reports, presented in the Wiki form, is a joint initiative of WHE and Global Earthquake Model (GEM).

These housing reports can be used for educational and non-commercial purposes only, but WHE needs to be acknowledged as the source of the material. Also, should you consider using any part of this material in any publication of your own, you must get written permission from EERI. All of the content on this site has been contributed by volunteers. If you are interested in writing a housing report, tutorial, or have any other ideas for content, please reach out to us at whe@eeri.org.


Housing Reports

Country Continent Construction Construction Type Report Title Report ID
Algeria Africa Masonry Stone Masonry Stone masonry apartment building 75
Algeria Africa Reinforced Concrete Reinforced Concrete Frame RC Moment Frame Building 103
Argentina South America Adobe Adobe/Earthen Traditional adobe house without seismic features 89
Argentina South America Adobe Adobe/Earthen Traditional adobe house 2
Argentina South America Masonry Confined Masonry Solid brick masonry house with composite hollow clay tile and concrete joist roof slabs 70
Argentina South America Masonry Confined Masonry Confined block masonry house 1
Argentina South America Masonry Seismic Protection Systems Base isolation of confined masonry 152
Bangladesh Asia & Mideast Adobe Adobe/Earthen Mud House of Bangladesh 143
Bangladesh Asia & Mideast Masonry Unreinforced Masonry EMSB1- single storied brick masonry house generally with GI roof 91
Belize North & Central America Reinforced concrete Reinforced Concrete Frame Reinforced-concrete frame with lightly reinforced-masonry infill 164
Belize North & Central America Timber Timber Timber stilt homes 165
Canada North & Central America Reinforced Concrete Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall Concrete shear wall highrise buildings 79
Canada North & Central America Timber Timber Single-family wood frame houses 82
Chile South America Masonry Confined Masonry Confined block masonry building 7
Chile South America Masonry Confined Masonry Buildings with hybrid masonry walls 8
Chile South America Masonry Reinforced Masonry Reinforced clay/concrete block masonry building 5
China Asia & Mideast Masonry Seismic Protection Systems Multistory base-isolated brick masonry building with reinforced concrete floors and roof 9
Colombia South America Reinforced Concrete Reinforced Concrete Frame Gravity concrete frame buildings (predating seismic codes) 11
Colombia South America Masonry Reinforced Masonry Reinforced Masonry Building: Clay brick masonry in cement mortar 175
Colombia South America Masonry Unreinforced Masonry Non-engineered unreinforced brick masonry building 10
Colombia South America Masonry Unreinforced Masonry Clay brick/concrete block masonry walls with concrete floors (predating seismic codes or with a few seismic features) 12
Colombia South America Masonry Reinforced Masonry Reinforced Masonry Building: Clay brick masonry in cement mortar 175
Colombia South America Reinforced Concrete Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall RC Structural Wall Building 109
Cyprus Europe Reinforced Concrete Reinforced Concrete Frame Gravity designed reinforced concrete frame buildings with unreinforced masonry infill walls 13
El Salvador North & Central America Adobe Adobe/Earthen / Vernacular Vivienda de Adobe (Adobe house) 14
El Salvador North & Central America Timber Timber Vivienda de Bahareque 141
Germany Europe Steel Steel Moment Frame Prefabricated metal construction of the Modern Movement 95
Greece Europe Masonry Stone Masonry Load bearing stone masonry building 16
Greece Europe Reinforced Concrete Reinforced Concrete Frame Reinforced concrete frame building with an independent vertical extension 17
Greece Europe Reinforced Concrete Reinforced Concrete Frame Multi-story reinforced concrete frame building 15
Guatemala North & Central America Adobe Adobe/Earthen Adobe with sawn timber roof framing and corrugated iron sheeting 136
Guatemala North & Central America Adobe Adobe/Earthen Adobe / Earthen House : Adobe block walls 144
Guatemala North & Central America Masonry Confined Masonry Confined Masonry Building with Concrete blocks, tie-columns and beams 161
Honduras North & Central America Adobe Adobe/Earthen Adobe / Earthen House : Mud walls 134
India Asia & Mideast Adobe Adobe/Earthen Mud wall construction in Spiti Valley (Himachal Pradesh) 171
India Asia & Mideast Adobe Adobe/Earthen / Vernacular Rural mud house with pitched roof 23
India Asia & Mideast Adobe Adobe/Earthen / Vernacular Traditional rural house in Kutch region of India (bhonga) 72
India Asia & Mideast Hybrid Timber/Masonry Thathara houses in Himachal Pradesh 170
India Asia & Mideast Hybrid Timber/Masonry Timber-reinforced Stone Masonry (Koti Banal Architecture) of Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh 150
India Asia & Mideast Hybrid Timber/Masonry Rubble stone masonry walls with timber frame and timber roof 18
India Asia & Mideast Hybrid Timber/Masonry Timber Frame Brick House with Attic, India 116
India Asia & Mideast Masonry Stone Masonry Dry stone construction in Himachal Pradesh 172
India Asia & Mideast Masonry Stone Masonry Timber-reinforced Stone Masonry (Koti Banal Architecture) of Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh, Northern India 150
India Asia & Mideast Masonry Stone Masonry / Vernacular Low-strength dressed stone masonry buildings 80
India Asia & Mideast Masonry Stone Masonry / Vernacular Rubble stone masonry walls with timber frame and timber roof 18
India Asia & Mideast Masonry Unreinforced Masonry Unreinforced brick masonry walls with pitched clay tile roof 22
India Asia & Mideast Masonry Unreinforced Masonry Unreinforced brick masonry building with reinforced concrete roof slab 21
India Asia & Mideast Masonry Unreinforced Masonry Unreinforced brick masonry with flat roof 20
India Asia & Mideast Reinforced Concrete Reinforced Concrete Frame Reinforced concrete frame building with masonry infill walls designed for gravity loads 19
India Asia & Mideast Timber Timber Assam-type House 154
India Asia & Mideast Timber Timber Timber-reinforced Stone Masonry (Koti Banal Architecture) of Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh, Northern India 150
India Asia & Mideast Timber Timber Traditional Naga Type House 147
Indonesia Asia & Mideast Masonry Unreinforced Masonry Unreinforced clay brick masonry house 24
Iran Asia & Mideast Adobe Adobe/Earthen Adobe / Earthen House 104
Iran Asia & Mideast Masonry Confined Masonry Confined Masonry Building with Concrete blocks, tie-columns and beams 27
Iran Asia & Mideast Masonry Stone Masonry Stonework building with wooden timber roof 114
Iran Asia & Mideast Masonry Unreinforced Masonry Unreinforced Masonry Building: Brick masonry in mud/lime mortar 118
Iran Asia & Mideast Masonry Unreinforced Masonry Unreinforced Masonry Building : Brick masonry in mud/lime mortar, with vertical posts 117
Iran Asia & Mideast Steel Steel Moment Frame Steel frame with semi-rigid "Khorjini" connections and jack arch roof "Taagh-e-Zarbi" 25
Iran Asia & Mideast Steel Steel Braced Frame Semi-rigid steel frame with "Khorjinee" connections" 26
Italy Europe Masonry Stone Masonry Lower and middle class residential building in rural areas of central Italy 121
Italy Europe Masonry Stone Masonry Unreinforced stone wall rural housing 120
Italy Europe Masonry Stone Masonry Multistory tower masonry with stone pillars and wood or arched beams (Casa Torre) 113
Italy Europe Masonry Stone Masonry / Vernacular Single-family stone masonry house 28
Italy Europe Masonry Unreinforced Masonry Brick masonry farmhouse with a "dead door" 31
Italy Europe Masonry Unreinforced Masonry Single-family historic brick masonry house (Casa unifamiliare in centro storico, Centro Italia) 29
Italy Europe Reinforced Concrete Reinforced Concrete Frame Single-family reinforced concrete frame with masonry infill walls house 30
Japan Asia & Mideast Timber Timber Single-family wooden house 86
Kyrgyzstan Asia & Mideast Adobe Adobe/Earthen Houses with mud walls and thatch roofs 42
Kyrgyzstan Asia & Mideast Masonry Confined Masonry Single-family brick masonry house 36
Kyrgyzstan Asia & Mideast Masonry Unreinforced Masonry Two-story unreinforced brick masonry building with wooden floors 41
Kyrgyzstan Asia & Mideast Masonry Unreinforced Masonry Buildings with hollow clay tile load-bearing walls and precast concrete floor slabs 34
Kyrgyzstan Asia & Mideast Reinforced Concrete Precast Concrete Reinforced concrete frame buildings without beams (seria KUB) 39
Kyrgyzstan Asia & Mideast Reinforced Concrete Precast Concrete Precast reinforced concrete frame building with cruciform and linear-beam elements (Series 106) 33
Kyrgyzstan Asia & Mideast Reinforced Concrete Precast Concrete Prefabricated concrete panel buildings with monolithic panel joints (seria 105) 38
Kyrgyzstan Asia & Mideast Reinforced Concrete Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall Buildings with cast in-situ load-bearing reinforced concrete walls 40
Kyrgyzstan Asia & Mideast Reinforced Concrete Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall Large panel buildings with two interior longitudinal walls 32
Kyrgyzstan Asia & Mideast Timber Timber / Vernacular Yurta 35
Malawi Africa Adobe Adobe/Earthen Unburnt brick wall building with pitched roof (nyumba ya zidina) 46
Malawi Africa Adobe Adobe/Earthen / Vernacular Rammed earth house with pitched roof (Nyumba yo dinda OR Nyumba ya mdindo) 45
Malawi Africa Adobe Adobe/Earthen / Vernacular Rural mud wall building (nyumba yo mata OR ndiwula) 43
Malaysia Asia & Mideast Reinforced Concrete Reinforced Concrete Frame Reinforced concrete frame building with timber roof 44
Mexico North & Central America Masonry Confined Masonry Combined and Confined Masonry Construction 160
Mexico North & Central America Masonry Confined Masonry Reinforced concrete multistory buildings 115
Nepal Asia & Mideast Masonry Stone Masonry / Vernacular Uncoarsed rubble stone masonry walls with timber floor and roof 74
Nepal Asia & Mideast Masonry Stone Masonry / Vernacular Traditional oval-shaped rural stone house 47
Nepal Asia & Mideast Masonry Unreinforced Masonry Traditional Nawari house in Kathmandu Valley 99
Nepal Asia & Mideast Reinforced Concrete Reinforced Concrete Frame Pillar walaghar (URM infilled RC frame buildings) 145
Nicaragua North & Central America Adobe Adobe/Earthen Adobe / Earthen House : Adobe block walls 137
Nicaragua North & Central America Timber Timber Vivienda de Minifalda (Wooden houses with heavy bases) 148
Malaysia Asia & Mideast Adobe Adobe/Earthen Adobe houses 166
Malaysia Asia & Mideast Masonry Stone Masonry Stone masonry residential buildings 138
Malaysia Asia & Mideast Masonry Unreinforced Masonry Brick masonry construction in Pakistan 173
Malaysia Asia & Mideast Masonry Unreinforced Masonry Concrete-block masonry construction in Pakistan 174
Malaysia Asia & Mideast Masonry Unreinforced Masonry Unreinforced brick masonry residential building 112
Malaysia Asia & Mideast Reinforced Concrete Reinforced Concrete Frame Reinforced concrete buildings with masonry infills 167
Malaysia Asia & Mideast Reinforced Concrete Reinforced Concrete Frame RC Moment Frame Building with URM Infills 159
Palestinian Territories Asia & Mideast Masonry Stone Masonry Unreinforced concrete and masonry bearing wall construction (designed for gravity loads only) 49
Palestinian Territories Asia & Mideast Reinforced Concrete Reinforced Concrete Frame Reinforced concrete frame with infill walls designed for gravity loading 48
Peru South America Adobe Adobe/Earthen Reinforced Adobe 107
Peru South America Adobe Adobe/Earthen Adobe house 52
Peru South America Masonry Confined Masonry Confined masonry house 51
Peru South America Masonry Confined Masonry Confined masonry building 50
Portugal Europe Hybrid Timber/Masonry / Vernacular Historic, braced frame timber buildings with masonry infill ('Pombalino' buildings) 92
Romania Europe Masonry Unreinforced Masonry One family one storey house, also called "wagon house" 85
Romania Europe Masonry Unreinforced Masonry A single-family, two-storey house with brick walls and timber floors 84
Romania Europe Reinforced Concrete Precast Concrete Precast concrete panel apartment buildings 83
Romania Europe Reinforced Concrete Reinforced Concrete Frame Medium/high rise moment resisting reinforced concrete frame building 97
Romania Europe Reinforced Concrete Reinforced Concrete Frame Building of the Modern Movement - Reinforced concrete frame designed for gravity loads with no commercial ground floor 96
Romania Europe Reinforced Concrete Reinforced Concrete Frame Reinforced concrete frame structure with diagonal bracings and brick infill walls 71
Romania Europe Reinforced Concrete Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall Block of flats with 11 floors out of cast-in-situ concrete, gliding frameworks 87
Romania Europe Reinforced Concrete Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall RC Structural Wall Building : Moment frame with in-situ shear walls 78
Russia Europe Reinforced Concrete Seismic Protection Systems Buildings protected with "disengaging reserve elements" (vyklyuchayu-shchiesya svyazi) 77
Russia Europe Masonry Unreinforced Masonry Small concrete block masonry walls with concrete floors and roof 53
Russia Europe Reinforced Concrete Precast Concrete Small concrete block masonry walls with concrete floors and roof 55
Russia Europe Reinforced Concrete Precast Concrete Large concrete block walls with reinforced concrete floors and roofs (typical series: 1-306c, 1-307c, 114c) 54
Russia Europe Timber Timber Wood panel wall buildings (typical seria 181-115-77cm of #Giprolesprom#) 57
Russia Europe Timber Timber / Vernacular Timber log building 56
Serbia Europe Masonry Confined Masonry Confined Masonry Building: Clay brick masonry, with concrete tie-columns and beams 69
Serbia Europe Reinforced Concrete Precast Concrete Precast, prestressed concrete frame structure with concrete shear walls 68
Slovenia Europe Masonry Stone Masonry / Vernacular Rubble-stone masonry house 58
Slovenia Europe Masonry Unreinforced Masonry / Vernacular Unreinforced Masonry Building 73
Switzerland Europe Masonry Stone Masonry Stone Masonry House : Rubble stone without/with mud/lime/cement mortar 119
Switzerland Europe Timber Timber Half-timbered house in the " border triangle" (Fachwerkhaus im Dreilndereck) 108
Syria Asia & Mideast Reinforced Concrete Reinforced Concrete Frame Moment resisting frame designed for gravity loads only 60
Syria Asia & Mideast Reinforced Concrete Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall Reinforced concrete frame with concrete shear walls - dual system 59
Syria Asia & Mideast Reinforced Concrete Reinforced Concrete Frame Moment resisting frame designed for gravity loads only 60
Taiwan Asia & Mideast Reinforced Concrete Reinforced Concrete Frame Street front building with arcade at the first floor (pre-1970's construction) 61
Taiwan Asia & Mideast Reinforced Concrete Reinforced Concrete Frame Street front building with arcade at the first floor (contemporary construction) 62
Taiwan Asia & Mideast Reinforced Concrete Reinforced Concrete Frame Highrise reinforced concrete buildings with open space at the ground floo 63
Trinidad and Tobago North & Central America Masonry Unreinforced Masonry Typical Single-Story Residential Construction Practices in Trinidad and Tobago 156
Turkey Europe Reinforced Concrete Reinforced Concrete Frame Reinforced concrete frame building with masonry infills 64
Turkey Europe Reinforced Concrete Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall RC Structural Wall Building (Tunnel form building) 101
USA North & Central America Timber Timber Wood frame single family house 65
Uzbekistan Asia & Mideast Reinforced Concrete Precast Concrete Precast reinforced concrete frame panel system of seria IIS-04 66
Venezuela South America Reinforced Concrete Reinforced Concrete Frame Popular, non-engineered urban housing on flat terrain 67

Continent: Africa; Asia & Mideast Europe; North & Central America; South-America.

Construction: Adobe; Hybrid; Masonry; Reinforced Concrete; Steel; Timber.

Construction Type: Adobe/Earthen; Unreinforced Masonry, Stone Masonry, Confined Masonry; Reinforced Concrete Frame, Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall, Precast Concrete; Seismic Protection Systems; Steel Moment Frame, Steel Braced Frame; Timber; Vernacular;

Housing Reports

Adobe Seismic Protection Systems Hybrid Masonry News Others Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall Steel Timber Uncategorized Vernacular
Algeria (SM) Farsi et al., 2011 (RCF) Farsi e Lazzali, 2011
Argentina Rodriguez et al., 2011
Rodriguez, 2011
Maldonado e Tornello, 2011 (CM) Rodriguez et al., 2011
(CM) Rodriguez et al., 2011
Bangladesh Das et al., 2011 (UM) Ansary, 2011
Belize (RM) Redmond & DesRoches, 2012 Redmond e DesRoches, 2012 Redmond e DesRoches, 2012
Canada (RCW) Pao e Brzev, 2011 Ventura e Kharrazi, 2011
Chile (CM) Moroni et al., 2011
(CM) Moroni et al., 2011
(RM) Moroni et al., 2011
(RCF) Moroni et al., 2011
(RCW) Moroni e Gomez, 2011
(SSW) Arze-L., 2011
China Zhou, 2011
Colombia (CM) Mejia, 2011
(RM) Hackmayer et al., 2013
(UM) Mejia, 2011
(UM) Mejia, 2011
Hackmayer et al., 2013 (RCW) Meija et al., 2011
Cyprus (RCF) Levtchitch, 2011
El Salvador Lopez, 2011 Lang et al., 2011 Lopez M. et al., 2011
Germany (SMF) Bostenaru, 2011
Greece (SM) Tassios & Syrmakezis, 2011 (RCF) Koumousis, 2011
(RCF) Tassios e Syrmakezis, 2011
Guatemala Lang et al., 2011
French, 2011
(RM) Jofre et al., 2012
Honduras French, 2011
India Sood et al., 2013
Kumar, 2011
Choudhary et al., 2011
Rahul et al., 2013
Rautela et al., 2011
(SM) Sood et al., 2013
(SM) Rautela et al., 2011
(SM) Sinha & Ambati, 2011
(SM) Brzev et al., 2011
(UM) Kumar & Pundit, 2011
(UM) Kumar, 2011
(UM) Sinha & Brzev, 2011
(UM) Khan & Moin, 2011
Sood et al., 2013 Rahul et al., 2013 (RCF) Jaiswal et al., 2011 Kaushik e Babu, 2012
Rautela et al., 2011
Khan, 2011
Sinha e Ambati, 2011
Choudhary et al., 2011
Kumar, 2011
Brzev et al., 2011
Indonesia (UM) Wijanto, 2011
Iran Mehrain & Naeim, 2011 (CM) Hashemi et al., 2011
(SM) Ahari & Azarbakht, 2015
(UM) Bekloo, 2011
(UM) Bekloo, 2011
(SMF) Alimoradi, 2011
(SBF) Hashemi e Ashtiany, 2011
Italy (SM) Vetturini et al., 2011
(SM) Vetturini et al., 2011
(SM) Sassu & Cei, 2011
(SM) D’Ayala & Speranza, 2011
(UM) Goretti et al., 2011
(UM) D’Ayala et al., 2011
(RCF) Leggeri et al., 2011 D'Ayala e Speranza, 2011
Japan Maki e Tanaka, 2011
Kazakhstan Uranova & Begaliev, 2011
Kyrgyzstan Eisenberg et al., 2011 (CM) Begaliev & Uranova, 2011
(UM) Uranova & Begaliev, 2011
(UM) Uranova & Begaliev, 2011
(PC) Uranova e Begaliev, 2011
(PC) Begaliev et al., 2011
(RCW) Uranova et al., 2011
(RCW) Uranova e Begaliev, 2011
(RCW) Itskov et al., 2011
Begaliev e Uranova, 2011 Begaliev e Uranova, 2011
Malawi Sassu & Ngoma, 2011
Sassu & Ngoma, 2011
Sassu & Ngoma, 2011
Sassu e Ngoma, 2011
Sassu e Ngoma, 2011
Malaysia (RCF) Adnan et al., 2011
Mexico (CM) Tena-Colunga et al., 2011 (RCF) Rodriguez e Jarque, 2011
Nepal (SM) Parajuli et al., 2011
(SM) Parajuli et al., 2011
(UM) D’Ayala & Bajracharya, 2011
(RCF) Marhatta et al., 2011 Parajuli et al., 2011
Parajuli et al., 2011
Nicaragua French, 2011 Lang et al., 2011
Pakistan Lodi et al., 2013 (SM) Ali & Muhammad, 2011
(UM) Lodi et al., 2013
(UM) Lodi et al., 2013
(UM) Ali, 2011
Lodi et al., 2013
(RCF) Badrashi et al., 2011
Palestinian Territories (SM) Dabbeek & Al-Jawhari, 2011 (RCF) Dabbeek e Al-Jawhari, 2011
Peru Quiun, 2011
Loaiza et al., 2011
(CM) Loaiza & Blondet, 2011
(CM) Loaiza & Blondet, 2011
Portugal Cardoso et al., 2011 (SM) Cardoso et al., 2011 Cardoso, 2011 Cardoso et al., 2011
Romania (UM) Bostenaru & Sandu, 2011
(UM) Bostenaru & Sandu, 2011
(PC) Bostenaru e Sandu, 2011
(RCF) Bostenaru, 2011
(RCF) Bostenaru, 2011
(RCF) Bostenaru e Sandu, 2011
(RCW) Bostenaru, 2011
(RCW) Bostenaru e Sandu, 2011
Russia Eisenberg et al., 2011 (UM) Klyachko et al., 2011 (PC) Klyachko et al., 2011
(PC) Klyachko et al., 2011
Klyachko et al., 2011
Klyachko et al., 2011
Klyachko et al., 2011 Klyachko et al., 2011
Serbia (CM) Muravljov & Dimitrijevic, 2011 (PC) Dimitrijevic, 2011
Slovenia (SM) Lutman & Tomazevic, 2011
(UM) Lutman & Tomazevic, 2011
Lutman e Tomazevic, 2011
Lutman e Tomazevic, 2011
Switzerland (SM) Lang & Bachmann, 2011 Bostenaru, 2011
Bostenaru, 2011
Syria (RCF) Awad et al., 2011
(RCF) Awad et al., 2011
Taiwan (RCF) Tung e Yao, 2011
(RCF) Yao e Sheu, 2011
(RCF) Yao e Sheu, 2011
Trinidad and Tobago (UM) Clarke & Ramnath, 2011
Turkey (RCF) Gulkan et al., 2011
(RCW) Yakut e Gulkan., 2011
USA (RCF) Faison et al., 2011 Arnold, 2011
Uzbekistan (PC) Khakimov e Nurtaev, 2011
Venezuela (RCF) Gandica e Almansa, 2011

PC -Precast Concrete; RCF - RC Moment Frame; RCW - RC Structural Wall; CM - Confined Masonry; RM - Reinforced Masonry; SM - Stone Masonry; SW - Steel Structural Wall; SMF - Steel Moment Frame; SBF - Steel Braced Frame

start.1754491834.txt.gz · Last modified: 2025/08/06 14:50 by m.baiguera

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